Political Novels - List of the Best Political Fiction

Health Literacy And The Health - 1603 Words

The United States has the highest life expectancy, but as a nation we are sicker. In May of 2010 the United States Department of Health and Human Services implemented The National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy in efforts to improve health literacy and the health of the nation. The Center for Disease and Control defines Health Literacy as the level of which a person can access, communicate, evaluate and understand basic health information. Health Literacy can range from knowledge about preventative care, treatment and awareness of all factors that can influence a patient’s decision making. The major influence of health literacy is doctors, pharmacist and many other lay persons in the medicine and health sector. This paper seeks to support that health literacy is connected to every aspect of everyday life including, race, ethnicity, age and most importantly healthy lifestyles including behaviors, patient s choice, and even patient s care. Health literacy is how patients and people function in health care settings. Therefore, for it to be efficient it is contingent of the individual’s characteristics and the health care system in which they operate. Literacy varies depending on treatment, the medical issue faced, the medical provider, and even the system of government. The reason why health literacy is a trending topic of interest in research is because it is â€Å"described as the currency for improving the quality of health and health care in America† (Adams, 2003). SoShow MoreRelatedHealth Literacy1207 Words   |  5 PagesHealth literacy is a term not widely understood by the general population. It is defined as â€Å"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions and services needed to prevent or treat illness,† (About health literacy, 2014). A person’s level of health literacy i s based on their age, education level, socioeconomic standing, and cultural background. Patients with low health literacy have a moreRead MoreHealth Literacy And Health Care1386 Words   |  6 Pagesact on health information is one of the main issue in healthcare today. A professional nurse is required to provide care and information for patients and their families. Patient and families have the right to able to understand medical information which would empower them to make informed decisions about their care (Lambert et al. 2013). Improving Health Literacy in healthcare settings allows greater understanding of information and knowledge which would improve patient care. Being health literateRead MoreHealth Literacy And Health Care2161 Words   |  9 PagesHealth literacy as defined in Cromier Kotrlik article â€Å"the ability to read, understand, and use health information to make appropriate health care decisions and follow instructions for treatment† (Cromier 2007). It is a problem that affects an estimated 47 million people in the US alone and costs an estimated 73 billion dollars a year. These costs come from increased hospitalizations, the use of less preventative medicine, as well as, the social stigma that comes with having poor health literacyRead MoreHealth Literacy And Its Effect On Health1501 Words   |  7 Pages Literacy is the ability someone has to read and write. Most of us are taught this skill when we are young. Those of us who learn this during childhood seem to forget this is a privilege not everybody has. The people who do not has this advantage are affected in more ways than we think. Especially when it comes to their health, this understanding is known as health literacy. â€Å"Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health informationRead MoreUnderstanding Literacy, And Health Literacy1665 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Literacy, and Health Litera cy An understanding of literacy, and health literacy is crucial to understand their impact on client health outcomes. Further, a nurse’s ability to better educate clients lies in his or her understanding of these terms. Literacy is a multilayered, dynamic and complex topic; however, in short literacy is a set of skills including reading, writing oral skills, numeracy skills, and skills that enable us to acquire knowledge and information (Keefe CopelandRead MoreUnderstanding Literacy, And Health Literacy1663 Words   |  7 PagesAn understanding of literacy, and health literacy is crucial to understand their impact on client health outcomes. Further, a nurse’s ability to better educate clients lies in his or her understanding of these terms. Literacy is a multilayered, dynamic and complex topic; however, in short literacy is a set of skills including reading, writing oral skills, numeracy skills, and skills that enable us to acquire knowledge and information (Keefe Cop eland, 2011). Literacy can be understood throughRead MoreEssay on Health Literacy776 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Literacy Health illiteracy has become referred to as the silent epidemic. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website, the National Assessment of Adult Literacy showed only 12 percent of adults have proficient health literacy. That means nine out of ten adults may lack the needed skills to adequately manage their health and prevent disease. Healthy People 2010 define health literacy as â€Å"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understandRead MoreEssay on Impact of Health Literacy on Health1193 Words   |  5 Pages Health literacy is defined as The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions (Michael K. Paasche-Orlow, 2010), the word Health literacy first appeared in 1974 in a paper which calls for â€Å"education standards for all grade school levels in USA† (Carolyn Speros, 2004) . Some recent works suggest that there is a relation between literacy, low health and premature deaths (ChristinaRead MoreThe Theory Of Health Literacy788 Words   |  4 Pages(2008) examines models used to research health literacy in relation to access and outcome. From a theoretical perspective, researchers assessed the concepts of â€Å"health communication, health disparities, health literacy, literacy, microrange theory, military health system, patient education, theoretical framework, universal access† (p. 308). To study the phenomenon of health literacy, they â€Å"present a c onceptual framework adapted for use in studying health literacy in population groups with universalRead MoreThe Importance Of Health Literacy757 Words   |  4 Pagesto consider how we will be able to reach all of them. We will start this process by choosing and creating a group of advocates who can get to each individual employee. By having a diverse group of people advocating for the new plan to tackle health literacy through our app, we will be able to connect with each and every person who is apart of the organization. Of those advocates there needs to be a leader, supporters and people who actually will do the groundwork. The leader would be someone who

Why Is It Important to Follow School Rules free essay sample

Childhood is a totalitarian regime, and schools are the mental concentration camps. Education is described by the mis-educated as real-life preparation; in actuality, schools train people to accept a society where the government and other institutions tell us what to think and do. Experience is the best teacher, and the purpose of school is to prevent experience. If school attendance were voluntary, schools would have to reform themselves to meet students needs, because if students could leave on a whim, schools would suddenly have to prove their worth.But by not giving us a choice about whether to accept the governments favors early on, we all unwillingly sign a contract with Uncle Sam that says: Since you did so much for me in my early years, Ill return the favor by letting you take away half of my money and tell me how to live my life. Because kids grow up in an oppressive society, its predictable that when they leave the controlled world of childhood, they vote for politicians who promise security instead of freedom. Few adults understand freedom and individual rights because were taught about the Declaration of Independence, The Constitution, and the Bill of Rights in school, the most authoritarian environment in America next to prisons. Kids learn early on that even in a free country you are mandated to sit in cramped desks, read, write, and listen against your will. If you think for yourself in school, you get bad grades, and thats why America doesnt notice the government stripping away our rights. When our minds are impressionable, we learn that freedom means taking orders.Government officials should not teach the Bill of Rights until theyve read it for themselves. The compulsory education system hasnt changed because its insidiously self-promotional. People are told over and over that school is necessary for success, so almost all graduates, and even dropouts, believe it. Selective memory and propagandic yearbooks help adults forget the negatives of school and only remember the positive, but to counter-act this process, instead of getting classmate signatures in your yearbook, you should use the blank pages in the back to document everything you hated about school.Vague edu-speak phrases such as educational excellence are thrown around as excuses to trample over student rights. Because administrators want to eliminate all things that distract from the learning environment, collectivism is mandatory (You come to school to learn, not to express individuality). Since schools establish that doing what teacher says is more important than being human, they can get away with imposing dress codes, mandatory volunteerism, disarmament, group-think, and a host of other rights violations.Schools claim that by controlling what students wear, they are simply preparing them for a world where businesses dictate employee clothing. Ironically, its the domineering nature of school that creates the conformity-laden real world that requires formal suits and ties. Mandatory volunteerism for kids flourishes because even though students get nothing out of school, politicians want to get something out of them. Having students pay their dues to the people who are enslaving them is similar to laws that seek to have prisoners pay for their own jail expenses.If we really want to teach kids responsibility, letting them have knowledge of the importance of firearms would be a good start. Because of their smaller size, kids are more vulnerable than adults, and thus should be given the right to bear arms for their own safety. Age is never mentioned in the constitution, yet schools somehow get away with claiming that once the class bell rings, the constitution becomes irrelevant.When students are taught about numbers in Kindergarten, teachers might as well have them count all the rights in the Bill of Rights that wont protect them for a long time: The First Amendment says: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of rievances. For a school-kid, this translates to: you cannot freely express your religion without punishment; you can only talk when you raise your hand, and even then you cannot speak against the authority of the teacher; your school newspaper is censored; you get suspended or expelled for participating in a peaceful protest; the school sees any complaints that you have as evidence that you are trouble-maker who doesnt realize the importance of a good education. The Second Amendment says: A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. School translation: metal detectors will insure that no law-abiding students will have a means to protect themselves from aggressors; violent students will devise a way around this, and as these criminals blow away innocent students, they can thank school administrators for not having to worry about returned gunfire.The Forth Amendment says: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.School translation: probable cause doesnt apply because kids always have guns and drugs stashed somewhere; well use drug sniffing dogs, strip-searche s, locker checks, random drug tests, automobile inspections, and anything else to help us find something prosecutable, making us local heroes. Because freedom is only an abstract theory to students, its easy to remove their rights outside of school as well. Curfews, age-minimums for purchase of certain legal items, mandatory military service, and child labor laws are ll the logical extensions of a school system that teaches that thinking is best left to authorities instead of individuals. If the point of the curfew is to cut down on crime, and if people of all ages are capable of crime, why are only youths not allowed outside at night? Easy. They cant vote. If a teenager is out at 2am and kills three people, he should be punished accordingly. But if a teenager is out at 3am, playing roller hockey with his friends, he should not be hassled because the government says its past his bedtime.There are loopholes, however. Minors who have worn political T-shirts, passed out fliers, or had protests while hanging out past the curfew have been left alone by the police or won court cases against them, because they were exercising their First Amendment rights. Once American men turn 18, even though they are still too young for legal drinking, they are forced to sign up for Selected Service (the SS initials are appropriate).This allows the government to force any young man to die in battle if theres a vaguely defined crisis. If you dont register, you can get a $250,000 jail fine and five years in jail, but dont be intimidated. Here is the law, according to the SS Web site: †¦a man must register with Selective Service within 30 days of his 18th birthday. Selective Service will accept late registrations, but not after a man has reached age 26. Because the definition of late registrations is so ridiculously lax, you should delay signing the card until one month before you turn 26, thus closing the window of time you might get drafted from eight years to thirty days. Supposedly well-intentioned child labor laws force kids out of the legitimate job market, causing them to settle for menial wages through lawn work, or fundraising for their sports team or school organization, earning minimal profits for them and maximum profits for the adults.This might lead many kids to an unhealthy smoking or drinking habit, because the counter-productive alcohol and cigarette laws make the activities seem cool and re bellious. The qualifications for adulthood should be the ability to function in society without handouts from mom, dad, and the government, all of which does not rely solely on age. A key step toward fostering an individualistic mentality would be to petition for the removal of the voting age.If kids voted, politicians couldnt use them as targets for mainstream Americas anti-freedom attitudes, which are the direct result of an archaic government school system that produces an authority-worshipping populace. Other minorities had their civil rights revolutions because racial, gender, and sexual minorities are minorities for their entire lives, so had more passion to fight. Youth is a minority label that disappears with time, but the oppression that young people experience has permanent damaging effects. Never forget how degrading a freedomless childhood can be.

Jaws †the shark cage scene

STORY: Three men alone on a sinking boat in the middle of the ocean attempt to neutralize the monster shark that has been terrorizing them for hours by using a submersible cage. Their goal is to get close enough to inject the shark with poison. The failure of their plan and its disastrous consequences underscore the characters’ woeful underestimation of the intelligence and aggression of the shark.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jaws – the shark cage scene specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The scene begins with the Quint character assessing the damage to his boat. The camera lingers on the water slowly filling the hold. Quint steps down into the hold and the water immediately covers his foot. Splashing sound effects accompany each step. No words are spoken, and Quint is alone in the shot; however his performance, particularly the fear in his facial expression, the watery sound effects, and ominous m usic tell the viewer that he is scared, and that the situation is dire. The boat is sinking, and they need a plan fast. The scene then shifts to the outside of the boat, where Quint joins the other two characters, Chief Brody and Matt Hooper. Quint’s action, significantly, is to throw each of them a lifejacket. Brody and Hooper react grimly. The three men share a brief, tense moment of silence, each reflecting presumably on how screwed they are, before Quint picks up a spear gun and asks, â€Å"Hooper? What exactly can you do with these things of yours?† â€Å"Well, I think I can pump 20 ccs of strychnine nitrate into him,† Hooper replies, â€Å"If I can get close enough.† Hooper then approaches the shark cage. Brody angrily rejects Hooper’s idea: ‘That shark’ll rip that cage to pieces!† Whereupon Hooper shouts, â€Å"You got any better suggestions?† The camera lingers a moment of Hooper’s face (Jaws). The scene the n jumps to Brody, assembling the cage with the other two characters. The most significant storytelling element here remains the shift in tone created by music. Hitherto in the film most of the music has been heavy and foreboding. Now, the music shifts to a lively, rousing, and hopeful tone that underscores the building of the cage. The music solidifies the storytelling idea that if only the men can transcend their differences and work together, they can solve the dilemma of the shark. The filmmakers spend significant screen time on Hooper as he fills a giant syringe with poison, and attaches it to the spear gun.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once Hooper steps in to the cage, the music immediately shifts dramatically, back to the dark, threatening tone we’ve grown accustomed to in the film. Simultaneously, Hooper fidgets nervously in the cage, and remarks to Brody,  "I got no spit.† His saliva has dried up, along with his resolve. â€Å"Try and keep him off of me until I’m lowered,† Hooper says. He and Brody share a long sad look, each understanding the danger this plan represents (Jaws). The camera then slips underwater. The camera angle here bears scrutiny. Previously, the camera was above Hooper, looking down, consistent with Brody and Quint’s point of views. Now, it is underneath him. We have switched to the point of view of the shark. Underwater, both sound and music are used to great effect to create suspense. Upon Hooper’s initial descent, we hear the underwater echo, the metallic clanging of the cage, muffled by the water, and the bubbling of Hooper’s air tank. At this juncture, there is no music. The camera’s point of view shifts to that of Hooper, staring out into the murky ocean through the bars of the cage, and he sees the shark, a ghostly flicker, far away, but approaching fast. The f amous Jaws theme begins at the same time. Together these two elements create terror. Hooper is in for it. Above the water, Quint and Brody see the flotation devices that they previously fired into the shark rush through the water. Below, the shark glides past Hooper in the cage, and dwarfs both. Hooper readies his spear gun. However, the shark is not close enough yet. The shark then vanishes into the depths with a quiet swish of its tail. The music fades instantly. We are left watching Hooper, who grips his spear gun, and waits. A very long screen moment transpires here. We wait, with Hooper. Periodically, the camera shifts back out to the water. But there is no sign of the shark. Also, the sound effects are muted, and for the most part, only silence reigns. Over 20 seconds pass, in relative quiet, and the sole action here happens when Hooper removes the spear gun cap. The shark charges the cage from behind with the full force of its weight, and knocks the spear gun out of Hooperâ⠂¬â„¢s hands. This event represents the most vital storytelling element. We see, through the action of the shark, its predatory instinct in play. It has disarmed its enemy, Hooper, who can only watch helplessly as the spear gun drifts down toward the bottom of the ocean.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jaws – the shark cage scene specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shark immediately moves in and rams the cage. Hooper screams underwater. The camera pulls in tight on his terror-stricken face. The monster shark rams the cage over and over, warping the cage bars. Hooper has nowhere to go and no means to defend himself. The camera movement and editing cuts are extraordinarily swift, and the music pulses with fear. The filmmakers employ multiple close ups of the shark’s massive teeth. Finally, the shark pushes its nose into the cage, and Hooper stabs it several times with his diving knife. As the shark retreats, Hooper scoots out of the demolished cage and flees for his life, straight down to the bottom of the ocean. Meanwhile, in the boat, Brody and Quint struggle to pull the cage away from the shark. Intercut with this tug of war are flashes inside the boat, where the water level has risen, reminding us of their plan’s failure. The boat is still sinking. Finally, the winch snaps, and Quint and Brody bring the cage up by hand. The filmmakers linger here, on Brody and Quint and their reaction to the cage, now a twisted wreck, devoid of Hooper. Nothing is said. Their facial expressions read devastation. The shark is still in charge of their fate. The scene ends with the famous moment when the shark flips itself onto the back of the boat, which sets up the major turning point that results in Quint’s death, leaving Brody alone to fend for himself in the foundering boat. Works Cited Jaws. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Roy Schieder, Robert Shaw, and Richard Dreyfuss. Unive rsal, 1975. This essay on Jaws – the shark cage scene was written and submitted by user Shmi Skywalker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gender Inequality essays

Gender Inequality essays Under-representation of women in managerial posts in the UK Women in the workplace are a relatively recent development. The first time a woman was allowed to take up a so-called mans job in this country was during the war, when the men were away serving their country. It took Emmiline Pankhurst and her fellow suffragettes nearly forty years to finally get the womens vote. Even though this was their primary struggle, they indirectly fought for equal opportunities for women in the workplace as well. Nearly a whole century later, prejudices still exist about women being the weaker sex. Many laws have been passed against sexual discrimination such as the Equal Pay Act (1970) and the Sex Discrimination Act (1976). However, women are still singled out. For example, just recently a former nurse, Kate Bleasdale, received a record amount of compensation: 2.2 million. She had set up her own company in 1985, called Match Group, whose purpose was to re-train and help qualified nurses to find suitable jobs. However, she was subject to hate mails and verbal abuse from her male board members. She also found out that her (male) finance director was paid more than she was. She was finally forced to leave the organisation. Her compensation is in light of a new law to be passed in 2003 against religious and sexual discrimination in England, Scotland and Wales. But the question we need to ask is that do these laws actually have any effect on the way male colleagues treat their female counterparts? Although these acts have been fairly introduced, there still remains what is known as the glass ceiling. This metaphor suggests the invisible barrier that women have to face in order move up the hierarchical ladder in their specific organisations. It stops them from achieving their full potential even though they are fully aware about exactly what their full potential&ap...

Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol

Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol Introduction Acetone is one of the most widely used solvents in the world and can be used as an intermediate for several commercial products such as acrylic plastic, bisphenol, polycarbonates and epoxy resin, paints, and adhesives among others. According to Tremoulet et al. (Para 2), Acetone is often a by-product of phenol, with scientists capable of producing acetone from a variety of materials including propylene, cumene, and isopropanol.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In industrial production acetone is an organic compound with a chemical formula of (CH3)2CO. Tremoulet et al. affirm that during production of cumene, â€Å"hydro peroxide generated from this process undergoes slicing to engender phenol and acetone† (Para 2). Where scientists require a high concentration of high-purity acetone, they can undertake Catalytic dehydrog enation of isopropanol as a substitute method to manufacturing acetone. As a fresh engineer and based on knowledge in chemical engineering, this paper seeks to design an acetone plant that produces 50 thousand tons per year from isopropyl alcohol. Problem Statement For several decades, scientists have consistently tried to incorporate knowledge to individuals on how to produce simple acetone, with the importance of acetone becoming widely known. A research documented by Rahman indicates, â€Å"The catalytic hydrogenation of acetone is an important area of catalytic process to produce fine chemicals† (113). The fine chemicals are useful since the form key element in the conversion of liquid or gaseous fuels as well as having important application in the heat pumps. Typically, scientists have developed vast number of homogeneous complexes and heterogeneous catalysts that have existed until the date for the production fine chemicals, with little knowledge existing in the product ion of acetone using isopropyl alcohol (IARC 479). For this reason therefore, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive report on the chemical production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol as the main material. Physical properties of all components Acetone is an organic compound having several physical properties during the entire process of production. Following the procedure in the production of acetone, the several materials emerge during and after the production. To begin with, in the feed drum there are normally three materials in this mixture.Advertising Looking for report on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mixtures found in the feed drum as described in the production process entail recycle stream, water, and isopropyl alcohol. This mixture has a number of physical properties noted as colourless, moveable, with mildly pungent smell and liquid in nature (IARC 481). The mixture goes through all other procedures including processes in the vaporizer, heater and reactor the mixture maintains similar physical characteristics. However, flammability of the mixture is eminent throughout the process and engineers should take caution during the chemical production of acetone. In the final process, the mixture produces acetone, as the final product and this liquid possesses characteristics such as colorlessness, mobility, flammability, and pungency in its smell. Production process and alternative processes In the process of producing acetone-using isopropyl alcohol, several processes are inclusive in this procedure. Since the advent of discovery of production of acetone, several Chemical Engineering processes and procedures have emerged with a range of materials proving imperative. As mentioned before, acetone can result from the chemical reaction of several materials. Laboratory production of Acetone can use isopropyl alcohol as the reactant; can use oxidation of Propylene process, oxidation of Butanol, oxidation of Isopropyl Benzene as well as Dehydrogenation of Isopropanol (Arda et al. 8). During the production or engineering process of acetone, all chemical reactions involved are essential to produce fine acetone, which is useful commonly as a solvent. To understand the chemical production of acetone, this study provides the entire engineering process of acetone from isopropyl alcohol using â€Å"feed drum, vaporizer, heater, reactor, furnace, cooler, condenser, flash unit, scrubber, acetone and IPA columns† (Arda et al. 10). The study will also provide a diagrammatic presentation of the process. Production process In common processes, original invention of acetone instigates in the feed drum where mixing of feed including isopropyl alcohol, water, and recycle stream takes place. Vigorous mixing of these feeds (components) leads to a substantial reaction. From the feed drum, the mixture goes to another important stage, where the vaporizer provides r oom for further chemical reaction (Arda et al. 11).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mixture in the vaporizer changes the streams phase into vapor. After undergoing the necessary procedures required in the vaporizer, the mixture undergoes another important phase in the heater. In the heater chamber, the mixture undergoes vigorous heating to enhance reaction through subjecting the mixture to higher temperatures. Reactor is another important section, where this section provides tubular flow reaction. In the reactor, the process is capable of achieving two products namely, Acetone, hydrogen gas, while isopropyl and water undergo discharging. A concentrated mixture comprising of hydrogen, water, acetone, and isopropyl-alcohol proceeds to the cooler and then further to the condenser unit before it proceeds to the flash unit. In the flash un it Hydrogen, acetone, isopropyl-alcohol and water form the top product. The top product comprising of acetone proceeds to another important procedure in the scrubber. In the scrubber chamber, the main purpose is to separate hydrogen gas from the mixture. Thereafter, the bottom product produced in the flash unit comprising of water, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone is mixed with the bottom product from the scrubber in the acetone column. In the acetone column, the reaction produces acetone from the top product with almost 99-wtpercentage isopropyl and water (Arda et al. 7). 0.1% of acetone then proceeds to isopropyl alcohol column from the bottom product. Finally, the top product of the isopropyl column is taken to the feed drum. The remaining part of mixture (residue) found, popularly referred as bottom product, remains as dissipate of the reaction. The following is the general formulae for the reactions in the production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol. Advertising Looking for report on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The production of acetone Discussion of the production process In the feed drum: A feed is a tank like object used in the mixing of the recycle stream and the feed stream. The mixture ran at a temperature of 25 Degrees Celsius in the feed stream, which the engineers assumed it was constant. The temperature in the recycle stream used was about 110 degrees Celsius. In the vaporizer: to reduce the chemical reaction speed necessary in the fine production acetone, it was important to consider the use of salt. Engineers used similar temperature of the mixture leaving the feed drum to maintain the reaction in the vaporizer. The mixture undergoes several chemical reactions to produce the product known as acetone. Kinetic data of the reactions During the chemical production process of acetone energy consumption and the rate of consumption are important factors considered in a bid to obtain fine acetone. This report adopted the kinetic energy data provided by (Arda et al. 15) to explain the e nergy consumption of the process. This part covered energy data consumed in the Feed Drum, where the process begins to the isopropyl-alcohol column, where the process ends. Other related processes (Chemical processes) Oxidation of Propylene-as postulated before, several other processes can be useful in production of acetone. Production of acetone can involve oxidation of Propylene. In normal occasions, a process for production of acetone by direct oxidation of propylene, involves the oxidation process by air. The process principally involves a solution of copper chloride with small quantities of palladium chloride mixed in the air to produce acetone. Chemical formulae: C3H6 + 1/2O2 CH3COCH3 Oxidation of Butanol- chemical engineers can as well produce acetone from a process of oxidation of Butanol. Rahman asserts, â€Å"The solvent used methanol, ethanol, propanol; n-butanol, ethylene glycol; propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol are useful solvents for hyd rogenation reactions† (120). According to Arda et al., catalytic oxidation of butane by using cobalt and manganese acetate produces acetic acid under a temperature rate of 150-225 degrees Celsius, where butane undergoes oxidation to produce acetone of almost 75-80% yield (18). Chemical formulae: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 + O2-CH3COOH + CH3COCH Oxidation of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) Cumene is an organic compound produced from an integrated process of producing phenol. Production of phenol further involves, â€Å"alkylation of benzene with propene to obtain cumene, oxidation of cumene to cumene hydro peroxide, acid cleavage of cumene hydro peroxide to produce phenol and acetone† (Rahman 114). According to the explanation given by Arda et al. (21), cumene is simply a product obtained from synthesis of propylene and benzene and oxidation of the product to produce acetone and phenol. Dehydrogenation of Isopropanol- Another important method of obtaining acetone is dehydrogenation of Isopropanol. Rahman postulates, â€Å"Isopropanol is widely regarded as an essential commodity in fine chemical synthesis which is used as a solvent in the industry and academia† (113). Normally, hydrogenation of acetone leads to production of Isopropanol, and the vice versa is that dehydrogenation of Isopropanol produces acetone. The catalyst used in this process is Zinc Oxide (ZnO) (IARC 483). The following is the chemical formulae for dehydrogenation of Isopropanol. Chemical formulae: (CH3)2CHOH (CH3)3CO + H2 Safety and environment concerns It is important to consider personal health and environmental safety concerns while undertaking chemical production of acetone. Acetone is a chemical like any other and there are possibilities of causing harm to human beings, animals and the entire flora and fauna (Tremoulet et al. Para 6). All chemicals used in the production of acetone comprise of some caution notices, which engineers of acetone should follow strictly to avoid explosi ve reactions. In special attention, engineers should ensure that they prevent contamination of soil, drains and surface water. According to Arda et al. (17), engineers interested in the production of acetone should strictly adhere to all industrial principles governing the production and consumption of chemicals including handling and storing of hazardous chemicals. Acetone forms explosive mixtures with air and is extremely explosive and users of this chemical should remain keen throughout. Engineers should address any accidental inhalation or suffocation and any accidental cases with any first aid before considering seeking health assistance from physicians. Preliminary cost of the materials For engineers to engage in the production of acetone, it is imperative to consider the preliminary cost of production. However, the cost of producing acetone depends entirely on the amount of acetone produced. The major aim of preferring to produce more attractive and affordable acetone in the market was to employ the use of isopropyl alcohol in producing acetone (Rahman 118). The production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol must be in a position to demonstrate the aspect of saving. Several materials and chemicals were useful and mandatory for the successful production of acetone. In a bid to determine the overall production cost of acetone for this project, this study employed a program costing technique known as CAPCOST to estimate the price of equipment employed. The following table provides a detailed cost data for the production of acetone of this study as adopted from an empirical study by Tremoulet et al. Total Production cost for acetone using isopropyl alcohol Item description Cost of the item Reactor Bare Module $204,300 Heat Exchanger Bare Module $96,500 Fired Heater Bare Module $234,200 Pump Bare Module $73,100 Vessel Bare Module $9,600 Bare Module Cost of Reaction Side $617,700 Catalyst $68,200 Total $496,100 Summary of the literature r eview Acetone is an organic compound produced using different chemical methods. However, this study dealt with the chemical production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol, which is an essential component in the production of acetone. Acetone is one of the most widely used solvents in the world and can be used as intermediate for several commercial products such as acrylic plastic, bisphenol, polycarbonates and epoxy resin, paints and adhesives, etc. In other places, acetone has been useful in nurturing women beauty, where women have used acetone in removing nail cuticles (Tremoulet et al. Para 7). Acetone is often a by-product of phenol, with scientists capable of producing acetone from a variety of materials including propylene, cumene, and isopropanol. Acetone production involves several chemical and physical processes including heating, vaporizing, reacting, cooling, condensing, flashing, heating and scrubbing. Production of acetone begins in the feed drum and ends in the isopropy l column where acetone finally emerges. One chemical formula can be useful in summarizing the process of producing acetone. CH3-CHOH-CH3 CH3-CO-CH3 + H2 can summarize the chemical reaction process in the production of acetone. It is also important to notice that production of acetone is a very reactive process that needs consideration of safety and environmental concern. All chemicals used in the production of acetone comprise of some caution notices, which engineers of acetone should follow strictly to avoid explosive reactions. Acetone forms explosive mixtures with air and is extremely explosive and users of this chemical should remain keen throughout. Finally, engineers should address any accidental inhalation or suffocation and any accidental cases with any first aid before considering seeking health assistance from physicians. Arda, Urun, Serkan Acarser, Muge Metin, Sila Gungor, and Ali Kucuk. Chemical Engineering Design Project: Acetone Production, 2009. Web. IARC. Isopropyl Alcohol Manufacture by the Strong-Acid Process. PDF file. Web. Rahman, Ateeq. â€Å"Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetone to Isopropanol: An Environmentally Benign Approach.† Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering Catalysis 5.2 (2010): 113 – 126. Print. Tremoulet Mike, Mike Unton, and Ed Feng. Production of Acetone Using Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Isopropyl Alcohol, 1998. Web.

Capacitors in series and parallel ((lab- report )) Coursework

Capacitors in series and parallel ((lab- report )) - Coursework Example During the experiment, the series connection started followed by the parallel connections. At every stage, data collected assisted in computations. The experiment involved the use of voltmeter to measure the voltage drops, a capacitance meter to measure the capacitance and calculations to tabulate data obtained. Series circuit produces the equivalent energy of 0.00031 joules while parallel produces the equivalent energy of 0.00372 joules. Parallel circuits provide more stored energy, thus is the best method to connect capacitors. The experiment derives a capacitance of 5.41 microfarad from the series connection and 68.7microfarad from the parallel connection. This is done by a voltage supply of 10 volts when measured the voltage is 10.42 volts on the series connection and 10.31 volts after parallel connection. This helps determine the amount of average charge in both series and parallel circuits as the series circuit has an average charge of 56.37Â µC, and the parallel has an average charge of 708.297 Â µC. The series circuit has the lowest voltage drop of 1.56volts while the parallel circuit has the lowest charge at 97.95 Â µC. The capacitors in series circuits produce an equivalent capacitance of the sum of the reciprocals of the capacitance of each capacitor. This in turn reduces the amount of energy stored in the capacitors. Parallel circuits produce and equivalent capacitance equal to the sum of the individual capacitance of each capacitor in the circuit. This makes the amount of energy stored in the circuit be more. The series obeys Kirchoff’s Voltage Law that implies the total voltage equivalent to the sum of all the voltage drops within a circuit Swain (2008). From the experiment, I learned that capacitors play a significant role in storing energy in an electric field thus ensuring a steady flow of energy. To store more energy in capacitors, one needs to use the parallel circuit. In application,